The Declaration, Continued

 

From the 1972 movie 1776. South Carolina'sEdward Rutledge (John Cullum) challenges Northern delegates, esp. John Adams, who wanted to condemn slavery in the Declaration of Independence.  The lyrics trace the Triangular Trade: New England ships carried Bibles and rum to Africa, traded them for enslaved people, transported them to the West Indies and the South, and brought back molasses to make more rum.

Dr. Harkonen will visit toward the end of class on Wednesday.

Questions on assignment?  

READ FOR WEDNESDAY:

• Allen, ch. 44-45
• Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" July 5, 1852. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/what-to-the-slave-is-the-fourth-of-july/ .
• Alexander Stephens, "The Cornerstone Speech," March 21, 1861, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cornerstone-speech/

Review from last time

Spinoza -- TJ himself was a Deist. Locke: "The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life,health, liberty or possessions."

•  Allen's Dad weighs in on King’s concept of natural law
•  Compare and contrast to Jefferson? – Editors added more God -- why?

...................

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...

Self-evident? Allen 161.

Hamilton on self-evident truths (Federalist 31):

DISQUISITIONS of every kind, there are certain primary truths, or first principles, upon which all subsequent reasonings must depend. These contain an internal evidence which, antecedent to all reflection or combination, commands the assent of the mind. Where it produces not this effect, it must proceed either from some defect or disorder in the organs of perception, or from the influence of some strong interest, or passion, or prejudice. Of this nature are the maxims in geometry, that "the whole is greater than its part; things equal to the same are equal to one another; two straight lines cannot enclose a space; and all right angles are equal to each other.'' Of the same nature are these other maxims in ethics and politics, that there cannot be an effect without a cause; that the means ought to be proportioned to the end; that every power ought to be commensurate with its object; that there ought to be no limitation of a power destined to effect a purpose which is itself incapable of limitation...

 Lincoln trained his mind by studying Euclid.  In  this letter, he applied what he had learned to the Declaration:

One would start with great confidence that he could convince any sane child that the simpler propositions of Euclid are true; but, nevertheless, he would fail, utterly, with one who should deny the definitions and axioms. The principles of Jefferson are the definitions and axioms of free society.

The Lincoln movie paraphrased it.

 Did Jefferson mean “men” as gender?

Deleted Paragraph (see, esp. p. 154 of Allen)

He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating it's most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidels powers, is the warfare of the Christian king of Great Britain. He has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce determining to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold...

The Five Facets of Equality (108-109; 268-269):

• The first facet, as we are about to see, describes the kind of equality that exists when neither of two parties can dominate the other. 
• The second facet concerns the importance to humankind of having equal access to the tool of government, the most important instrument each of us has for securing the future. 
• The third facet concerns the value of egalitarian approaches to the development of collective intelligence ("potlucks")
• The fourth facet concerns egalitarian practices of reciprocity. How well do citizens do at thinking of themselves as receiving benefactions from their fellow citizens and owing them benefits in return? 
• And the fifth facet has to do with the equality entailed in sharing ownership of public life and in co-creating our common world.  

That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ...

In this news with CMC connections:  a post by Jonah Goldberg (P `25) with comment by Sen. Ted Cruz (husband of Heidi Nelson Cruz `94)

What is a right?

• Natural or human rights
• Civil rights
• Political rights

What is problematic about "Nature's God" and "Creator"?

 Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness COMMA!!!

• Why that order?  (Why the comma?)
• What is liberty? Tyranny of majority?
• Why not property?
• What is happiness?

From The Ethics:

Since happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue, we must consider the nature of virtue; for perhaps we shall thus see better the nature of happiness. The true student of politics, too, is thought to have studied virtue above all things; for he wishes to make his fellow citizens good and obedient to the laws.

Why not the word democracy?

Securing rights

• That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,
• But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

 [NATIONAL TREASURE]

•  “evinces a design” (196-197) -- a plan-- CONSPIRACY THEORY!

First Essay 2026

Pick one:

1 Find someone outside this class (no names, please). Without priming, ask that person to finish this sentence aloud: "All men are created equal, but..." or "...and..." Record the exact words. Ask that person to explain.  Next, find a primary or contemporary source (e.g., newspaper article, a court opinion, a speech) in which someone argued, after 1852, that equality is unconditional ("and") or that it comes with a condition ("but").  Now compare and contrast your interview subject's instinct, your source's argument, and Douglass's and Coolidge's treatment of the same clause (The Coolidge epigraph on the syllabus links to his speech on the Declaration). 

2  The Declaration presents itself as the act of a collective “we,” even though many people in America had no part in drafting it. Drawing on Allen’s discussion of democratic writing, analyze the relationship among equality, participation, and political authorship. Begin with a particular decision made by a group to which you belong: a team, club, workplace, congregation, student organization, or other community. Explain exactly who could speak, who made the final decision, and whose views carried the most weight. Then answer: Can a decision genuinely express the will of an equal community when not everyone participates equally in making it? Use specific language from the Declaration and Allen to evaluate the decision. Consider the strongest defense of the decision-making process as well as the strongest objection to it. Conclude by explaining what this case reveals (or does not reveal) about the Declaration’s implicit claim to speak for “one people.”

3. The Declaration builds its case for independence through grievances against King George III. Choose three grievances that share a common principle of legitimate government. Include at least one from the second half of the list. Explain why the authors chose each grievance and how its wording strengthens the case for independence. Then, analyze a grievance you or a group you know raised against a government, school, employer, or other institution. Draw on your own observations, or interview someone who took part. Name the act that prompted the complaint, the remedy the group sought, the institution's response, and one disagreement within the group. Attach a one-sentence appendix naming when and how you gathered this information — a conversation, a meeting, a document. I shall not grade the appendix; I shall only confirm it exists. Compare the modern case with the Declaration. Name one similarity that makes the comparison useful and one difference that could mislead. Answer this passage from Allen, Our Declaration, p. ___: "[insert quotation]." Explain how the modern institution might answer the complaint, and state that answer fairly.

----------------------------------

A strong essay will make a contestable argument, analyze the precise language of the relevant texts, incorporate material from our class discussions, and acknowledge alternative views and the limits of its evidence. I strongly encourage relevant outside research, particularly when it provides historical context, evidence about an example, or support for a claim about how typical an experience is. Cite all outside sources.  For privacy reasons, do not provide the full name or identifying information of any individual to whom you speak for this assignment.

Instructions:

• Essays should be double-spaced and no more than three pages long. I will not read past the third page.
• Essays should be in the form of Word documents. Do not submit pdfs or Google docs.
• Cite outside sources with endnotes (not footnotes) in Chicago/Turabian style. Endnote pages do not count against the page limit.
• Misrepresenting AI-generated content as your own work is plagiarism. It could result in a referral to the Academic Standards Committee. You do not want to start your college career this way.
• Watch your spelling, grammar, diction, and punctuation. Errors will count against you.  Read Strunk & White and watch my writing lecture before writing this paper.
• Turn in essays to Canvas by 11:59 PM, Friday, September 25. (If you have trouble with Canvas, simply email it to me as an attached Word file.) I reserve the right to dock essays a grade point for one day’s lateness, a full letter grade after that.

Analyzing the Declaration

  "Yet if the Declaration resembles a wedding, it bears an even closer kinship to divorce" (p. 94 of hardcover)

This week's focus question: Identify one word, phrase, or passage in the Declaration that you understood differently after reading Chapters 1–18 of Our Declaration. What did you previously think it meant, what does Allen argue it means, and which interpretation do you find more convincing? Why?

For Monday: Allen, ch. 19-43. First writing assignment.

For Wednesday: Allen 44-45,  Douglass, Stevens  

(Frederick Douglass and Stephen A. Douglas were not the same guy.) 

Model UN.  The UN raises the question: to whom do people owe allegiance?

This book is not just about the Declaration, but about political writing in general.

Examples of democratic/group writing

• The Constitution
• Presidential speeches
• Supreme Court opinions
• Congressional markup

REVIEW: Functions of writing

• Performance
• Record-setting: memoranda
• Persuasion

Framing

"The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America"

• Why states instead of colonies?
• Other examples of name changes: countries, historical figures, fictional characters.

 `When in the course of human events Latin cursus, meaning "flow" --a tide e-ventus "outcome"it becomes necessary .."

• Why course?
• “The course can be altered – with strenuous effort” (Allen, p. 111)

" for one people to dissolve the political bands, which have connected them with another and to assume, among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station"

• What is a “nation”? Shared cultural life, having or wanting their own government.
• What holds us together?
• What is a “station”? (Allen, p. 119) -- Latin for “stand.”

CONJUNCTION JUNCTION!

Compare "separate and equal" with "separate but equal."

• Keep in mind for our discussion of Lincoln's Second Inaugural:  "And the war came" means something radically different from "But the war came."

What does it mean to be equal? "But `equal' and `same" are not synonyms" (107).

"to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them"

Spinoza -- TJ himself was a Deist. Locke: "The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life,health, liberty or possessions."

•  King’s concept of natural law (by Danielle Allen's dad!)
•  Compare and contrast to Jefferson? – Editors added more God -- why?

 a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

• Address to the whole world (France, in particular)
• Impel (Allen, pp. 115-116) – to be pushed

Slow Reading

 FOR NEXT TIME, READ ALLEN, CH. 5-18.

Cold calls and weekly writeups start next week.

Looking ahead to ch. 24: "The words `implicit' and `explicit' come from plicare, which means “to fold,” as when you fold your clothes. So think of a sound bite as a suitcase."

W.H. Auden, "September 1, 1939"

All I have is a voice
To undo the folded lie,
The romantic lie in the brain
Of the sensual man-in-the-street
And the lie of Authority
Whose buildings grope the sky:
There is no such thing as the State
And no one exi sts alone;
Hunger allows no choice
To the citizen or the police;
We must love one another or die.

Implicit meaning can be a folded truth as well as a folded lie.

Textual analysis and slow reading

Think about how one sentence relates to another.  When you read the Declaration, think about the order of thoughts.

Think about the origins of terms in the document. Virginia Woolf wrote: "Words, English words, are full of echoes, of memories, of associations—naturally. They have been out and about, on people's lips, in their houses, in the streets, in the fields, for so many centuries."

Think about the historical context.  A text without a context is a pretext. What did those words mean to people at the time?

Thinking about how the document relates to others (p. 33)

Thnk about what is missing. See pp. 22 on the 2012 campaign.

Think about the writers and speakers.  What had they read?  What did they think about?  What was their purpose in this message?

King's last speech

The mountaintop

"Mine eyes have seen the glory..."

RFK the next day

And Ted Kennedy eulogized RFK:

Patrimony

• Something that you inherit:  heritage.
• Back to "I Have a Dream" "When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir."
• Lincoln:  patrimony is NOT about blood and soil, but the Declaration.

Democracy

• What is democracy?
• Who decides who "the people" are?  What is citizenship?
• Why is the word not in the Declaration or Constitution?
• What are the conditions of democracy?

Gov 20H, Fall 2026 -- It Begins!

  Do not take this course if you dislike movie references. 😀

For Wednesday, read the Declaration of Independence and Allen through chapter 4.  Relax:  the reading is only 15 pages.  Today, we adjourn a little early for convocation.

Slow reading and democratic writing.

The speech and its setting serve as an introduction to American politics

A CMC connection!

Who was on the program and why?  Songs

I Have a Dream

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

• Why the reference to Lincoln?  Hint  And another hint.
• An allusion within an allusion: The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away.(Psalm 90:10)

In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

• Why the reference to the Declaration?
• Why the reference to the Constitution?

But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. 

• Was he talking about anybody in particular?  It's complicated...

We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.

• What specific cases of police violence were on the audience's mind?

We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."

• How did Mississippi keep African Americans from voting?
• What did he mean about New York?

And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

• What is the American dream?

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."

• What is a creed?
• What is a self-evident truth?
• What does the Declaration mean?  (We shall return to this question)

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

• Who was George Wallace?  What was his connection to Gettysburg?

Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

Getting right with MLK:  

• In the May 1963 Gallup survey, 92% of Blacks but only 35% of Whites had a favorable opinion of MLK.
• POTUS and VPOTUS here.
• Trump here here here and here.

So what does the Declaration mean?   Consider terms such as “equal,” “self-evident.”  Think about the other readings and ask how they help us understand these terms.

The Declaration

Gov 20H Syllabus Fall 2026

 DRAFT: SUBJECT TO CHANGE 

Introduction to American Politics 

CMC Government 20 Honors Fall 2026

MW 9:35-10:50AM

Roberts North 15

ZOOM: https://cmc-its.zoom.us/j/92228697468

J.J. Pitney

Office: Kravis 232    

E-mail:  jpitney@cmc.edu

Web: http://www1.cmc.edu/pages/faculty/JPitney/

Student Hours:

• Monday and Wednesday, 1-2 PM
• If these times are inconvenient, just make an appointment for an in-person or Zoom meeting.

General

Daniel Patrick Moynihan observed:  “Some . . . deny the existence of evil and others the existence of grace.  The art of  politics is to live with the reality of both.”  With this comment in mind, we take a realistic overview of American politics.  This course aims to:

• Help you understand past and present political events.
• Lay the groundwork for further study of government.
• Sharpen your thinking, writing, and speaking.

In addition to providing general background on American politics, this course also emphasizes certain themes. One is the continuing relevance of the Declaration of Independence. Since 1776, Americans have argued about its meaning, particularly the phrase "that all men are created equal." We shall examine ways in which the  United States has both honored these ideals and fallen short of them. 

Another is the central role of religion in American political life.  Tocqueville said that religion is the first of our political institutions, and we shall ponder what he meant.

A third is the meaning of citizenship and its connection to deliberation and community service. Finally, we will consider  the role of mores and norms, the unwritten practices, habits, and attitudes that guide political activity.

Some of the readings are provocative.  Do not assume that your professor agrees with everything in the readings, or that you need to do so.  Because constructive disagreement sharpens thinking, deepens understanding, and reveals novel insights, I not only encourage it, I expect it. Feel free to challenge anything you read, but back up what you say. Bring light, not heat.

Classes

Classes will include lecture and discussion.  Finish the readings before class because our discussions will involve those readings.  We shall also talk about breaking news, so you must read a good news source such as Axios or Politico.  

Grades

The following will make up your course grade:

• One 3-page essay 15%
• One 4-page research paper 20%
• One 6-page research paper 25%
• Take-home final 25%
• Participation and weekly writeups 15%

The papers will develop your research and writing skills. In grading, I will take account of the quality of your writing, applying the principles of Strunk and White’s Elements of Style. If you object, do not take this course or anything else I teach.

The take-home final will test your comprehension of the class sessions and readings.  In addition to the required readings (below), I may also give you attachments and web links covering current events and basic factual information. The final will cover this material.

Participation includes your activity in class and online. I will call on students at random, and if you often miss sessions or fail to prepare, your grade will suffer. In addition, you may volunteer comments and questions. This experience will hone your ability to think on your feet.

Blog

Our class blog is right here at https://www.gov20h.blogspot.com. I shall post videos, graphs, news stories, and other material there. We shall use some of this material in class, and you may review the rest at your convenience. 

Details

• Check due dates for coursework. Do not plan on extensions.
• As a courtesy to your fellow students, please arrive on time, and refrain from eating in class.
• I strongly recommend that you take notes the old-fashioned way, by hand, on paper. Why? Research shows that it works better.
• Plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty are not victimless offenses because they hurt fellow students. Please study our Statement of Academic Integrity, which reads in part: "Each faculty member has the responsibility to report cases of academic dishonesty to the Academic Standards Committee."
• You may use AI to brainstorm, format graphs, and locate sources, but misrepresenting AI-generated content as your own original work constitutes plagiarism.
• This class welcomes viewpoint diversity. See: https://heterodoxacademy.org/library/advice-on-syllabus-language/
• Your experience in this class matters to me, and I have a particular interest in disability. If you have set up accommodations with Accessibility Services at CMC, please tell me about your approved accommodations so we can discuss your needs. You can start by forwarding your accommodation letter to me. If you have not yet set up accommodations but have a temporary health condition or permanent disability, please email Aridai Martinez, Associate Director of Accessibility Services, at accessibilityservices@cmc.edu to ask questions and start the process. For general information and the Request for Accommodations form, go to the CMC Accessibility Services website.

Required Books

• Saul Alinsky, Rules for Radicals (New York: Vintage, 1989).
• Danielle Allen, Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality (New York: Liveright, 2014).
• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Signet, 2003 [1788]). It includes the Constitution as an appendix.
• Kenneth P. Miller, Texas vs. California: A History of Their Struggle for the Future of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).
• William Strunk and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999).
• Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J.P. Mayer (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, [1835/40]). Please use the Lawrence/Mayer edition, which has undergone several printings. Other translations have different wording, which would cause confusion.
• Ilan Wurman, A Debt Against the Living: An Introduction to Originalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

Schedule (Subject to change, with advance notice).

In addition to the readings below, I may also supply you with additional material via the Internet.

Aug 31, Sept 2:  Introduction

"Without missing a beat, King started improvising, transforming from a packaged presenter of rehearsed oratory into the Baptist preacher he was, letting his baritone voice whose words could dance like a melody, escape for the first time." -- Rob Carpenter `06, Of Kennedy and King.

• Martin Luther King, "I Have a Dream," August 28, 1963. For the video, click here.
• Declaration of Independence,
• Allen, prologue, ch. 1-4.

Sept 7: Labor Day, no class.

"I have a lot of international friends - to them I ask, do you want to know what America is? It's this video. Where a black man and a band made up of Asian men perform a white woman's song so well that a lady in a hijab takes their card - all in front of an Italian restaurant and a waving American flag. I love this place!"  (See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG8Qo-paJ9M) -- Aseem Chipalkatti `15

Sept 9:  Reading and Writing about Politics

"Few ideas are correct ones and what are correct no one can ascertain. But with words we govern men." -- Benjamin Disraeli

• Allen,  ch. 5-18.

Sept 14, 16: Equality, Natural Law, and the Declaration

"If all men are created equal, that is final. If they are endowed with inalienable rights, that is final. If governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, that is final. No advance, no progress can be made beyond these propositions. If anyone wishes to deny their truth or their soundness, the only direction in which he can proceed historically is not forward, but backward toward the time when there was no equality, no rights of the individual, no rule of the people." -- Calvin Coolidge

• Allen, ch. 19-45.
• Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" July 5, 1852.
• Alexander Stephens, "The Cornerstone Speech," March 21, 1861.

FIRST ESSAY ASSIGNED BY SEPTEMBER 14, 

DUE  IN CANVAS BY SEPTEMBER 25.

READ STRUNK AND WHITE FIRST!

Sept 21, 23: Equality of Condition and American Civic Culture

“I sought for the greatness and genius of America in her commodious harbors and her ample rivers—and it was not there . . . in her fertile fields and boundless forests and it was not there . . . in her rich mines and her vast world commerce—and it was not there . . . in her democratic Congress and her matchless Constitution—and it was not there. Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits flame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power. America is great because she is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.”  -- Not Alexis de Tocqueville 

• Tocqueville, 9-20, 231-261, 277-315, 340-363, 525-530.
• Allen, ch. 46-50, and epilogue
• Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address.
• Barack Obama's keynote address at the Sojourners/Call to Renewal "Building a Covenant for a New America," June 26, 2006, 

Sept 28, 30: Constitutionalism and Democratic Norms

["O]f those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants." -- Alexander Hamilton

"So this is how liberty dies... with thunderous applause." - Padmé Amidala 

• The Constitution, at Hamilton, pp. 542-568.
• Wurman, Introduction, ch. 1-5.
• Hamilton, Federalist # 1, 8, 9, 10, 39, 49, 51.
• Akhil Reed Amar, "Founding Myths," ch. 2 of Myth America, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Julian E. Zelizer (New York: Basic, 2022) ON CANVAS.

SECOND PAPER ASSIGNED SEPT 28, 

DUE IN CANVAS BY OCT 16

Oct 5, 7: Congress and the Executive I

“When I was first elected to the House, I looked for the they. They who run things. They who know how things really work. They who know what they are doing. But I couldn’t find the they. I went to the Senate. But there was still no they. And then I started to get invited to the White House, and to closed-door briefings, and to meetings with top officials. No they. What I finally realized is that there is no they. There is only we, and we usually don’t know what the f--- we’re doing.” -- Lindsey Graham

• Hamilton, Federalist # 47, 48, 57, 63.
• Tocqueville, 196-230.
• Excerpts from House and Senate memoirs and readings, ON CANVAS.

Oct 12, 14:  Congress and the Executive II

"All vice presidents eat enormous bowls of feces. That's the job." -- Jonah Goldberg (P `25)

• Hamilton, Federalist # 70, 71, 73
• Tocqueville, pp. 121-138, 690-695
• Excerpts from executive-branch memoirs and readings. ON CANVAS.
• Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, March 8, 1983.

OCT 19: FALL BREAK

Oct 21: Law and the Courts

"In all, the legislative process helps ensure each of us has a stake in the laws that govern us and in the Nation’s future.  For some today, the weight of those virtues is apparent. For others, it may not seem so obvious.  But if history is any guide, the tables will turn and the day will come when those disappointed by today’s result will appreciate the legislative process for the bulwark of liberty it is." -- Justice Neil Gorsuch (P `24)

• Tocqueville, pp. 99-105, 262-276
• Federalist # 78.
• Wurman, ch. 6.

THIRD PAPER ASSIGNED OCTOBER 21, 

DUE IN CANVAS BY NOV 6.

Oct 26, 28:  Citizenship, Civil Liberties, Civil Rights

"I met my wife in jail after being arrested during a civil rights march." -- Rep. James Clyburn (D-SC)

• Wurman, ch. 7-8, epilogue.
• Federalist # 84
• Seneca Falls Declaration.
• Edwards v. Aguillard (482 U.S. 578 (1987)).

Nov 2, 4:  Parties and Elections 

"A congressional campaign is a lot like unmedicated childbirth: it's painful, it's messy, you don't think you can do what's required even as you're doing it, you likely consented to it months ago and now you're questioning your decisions, your likelihood to request drugs increases proportionally as you get closer to the big event, you gained weight, you don't realize you're screaming but everyone around you looks distressed, and your mother doesn't remember what it's like. Also, once you get what you want, you'll never sleep again. I'm sure there are things I'm missing, but I hear hormones make you forget so you'll do it every two years." -- Candace Valenzuela (CMC `06), 2020 candidate for US House, Texas 24. 

• Mike Madrid, The Latino Century: How America's Largest Minority Is Transforming Democracy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2024). EXCERPTS AT CANVAS.
• Readings on the 2026 midterm, TBD.

Nov 9, 11: Parties and Interest Groups

"Mass violence in Congress seemed possible in 1850 ... The echoes of 1850 are striking. We’re at a moment of extreme polarization when outcomes matter, sometimes profoundly." -- Joanne Freeman, PO `84

• Tocqueville, pp. 174-179, 189-203, 513-524.
• J.D. Rackey and Lily Kincannon, "Parties and Electoral Reform: Insights from Political Operatives," Bipartisan Policy Center, July 13, 2026.

Nov 16, 18: Protest and Social Movements

"What starts out here as a mass movement ends up as a racket, a cult, or a corporation." -- Eric Hoffer

• Martin Luther King, "Letter from Birmingham Jail," https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
• Alinsky, pp. xiii-97, 125-164.

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DUE IN CANVAS DECEMBER 11.

Nov 23:  Texas v. California 

"California, the department-store state. The most of everything and the best of nothing." -- Raymond Chandler

• Miller, ch. 1-3.

Nov 30, Dec 2: Texas v. California II

"Texas is a state of mind."  -- John Steinbeck

• Miller, ch. 4-10.

Dec 7, 9: Texas v. California III, Wrapup

"We must never forget that victory to the rebellion meant death to the republic. We must never forget that the loyal soldiers who rest beneath this sod flung themselves between the nation and the nation's destroyers."  -- Frederick Douglass

• Miller, ch. 11-14.

"And I would rather disagree with a case he made on American exceptionalism, stating that the United States’ policy is `what makes America different. It’s what makes us exceptional.' It is extremely dangerous to encourage people to see themselves as exceptional, whatever the motivation. There are big countries and small countries, rich and poor, those with long democratic traditions and those still finding their way to democracy. Their policies differ, too. We are all different, but when we ask for the Lord’s blessings, we must not forget that God created us equal. -- Click here to learn who wrote these words.

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